Typical deposit (zone) (1) Jiangxi Dexing Copper ( Molybdenum ) Ore Field Dexing Copper (Molybdenum) Mine is a super-large copper (molybdenum) ore field in China, located 25km northeast of Dexing City (formerly Dexing County) in Jiangxi Province. The minefield covers an area of ​​about 14km2 and consists of three deposits: copper plant (super large), Fujiawu (large), and cinnabar red (large). The accumulated proved reserves totaled 9.658 million tons of copper, of which the available reserves were 8.424 million tons and the molybdenum was 196,000 tons. The copper plant is a super-large deposit with 5.245 million tons of copper and 128,000 tons of molybdenum; 2.537 million tons of copper in Fujiawu deposit and 168,000 tons of molybdenum; 1.84 million tons of copper in the cinnabar red deposit, which is available for use. The reserves are 606,000 tons. The average grade of the deposit: copper plant, copper 0.46%, molybdenum 0.01%; Fujiawu, copper 0.5%, molybdenum 0.03%; cinnabar red, copper 0.42%, molybdenum 0.01%. The three deposits are associated with beneficial components such as gold , silver , antimony , selenium , antimony and sulfur, which have considerable comprehensive utilization value. 1. A brief history of deposit discovery, exploration and development  The development of Dexing Copper Mine has a long history. According to historical records, it has been recorded in the Tang and Song Dynasties until the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Smelting slag is still visible in the area around the cinnabar red. Before the founding of New China, Jiangxi Geological Survey Xia Xiangrong, Liu Hui Si in the autumn of 1939 had been to Dexing geological survey and mineral resources, with a "mineral Dexing County Zhi", mentioned Tongchang of pyrite and cinnabar red and pointed In the nearby area, pyrite has been mined. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, from 1954 to 1959, the 409th and 40th teams of the Central South Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Geology conducted census exploration of the copper and Zhusha red mines. In the geological evaluation work of the copper plant in 1956, it was found that in addition to the contact zone between the phyllite and the granodiorite porphyry, the copper ore body also saw copper mineralization in the local porphyry. The study confirmed that the copper mine copper mine is a porphyry copper deposit. Subsequently, in July 1956, it was transferred to large-scale geological exploration work and invested in drilling more than 80,000 meters. In November 1959, the copper mine survey and exploration brigade submitted the "Decision Reserve Report of Jiangxi Dexing Mine Area (including Zhusha Red Copper Mine Area)", and proved the copper reserves of 3.63 million tons, and made the surrounding rock alteration and distribution of the copper deposit. In-depth research, one of the earlier achievements of the world porphyry copper deposit research, played an important role in guiding the exploration of the mining area and the general exploration of the mine. In the 1970s, for the country to build a large copper mine production base in Jiangxi, the Jiangxi Provincial Geological Bureau organized geological, geophysical exploration, drilling and scientific research, testing and other superior technical forces. In 1975, large-scale geology was carried out on the copper and Zhushahong mining areas. During the work battle, 11 rigs were started to do a lot of geological exploration work. In May 1978, the “Reconstruction Geological Report of Copper Mines in Tongchang Mining Area of ​​Dexing County, Jiangxi Province†was submitted, and the newly added copper reserves were 1.96 million tons. The associated minerals such as sulfur, molybdenum, gold, silver and antimony have been studied and evaluated in detail, all of which have reached the scale of large deposits and improved the comprehensive utilization value of the deposits. In 1982, the detailed geological report of the copper deposit in the Zhusha Red Mining Area of ​​Dexing County, Jiangxi Province was submitted. The discovered reserves were 1.844 million tons, of which the available reserves were 606,000 tons, and the associated sulfur and molybdenum were calculated. Mineral reserves such as gold and silver. In December 1957, hydrothermal alterations and mineralization similar to those of copper plants were discovered on the cliffs and steep valleys of the eastern side of the official hat. In the spring of 1958, the first hole was drilled and the vertical thickness of the mine was 400m. In the same year, the Fujiawu copper deposit was transferred to preliminary exploration. In 1963, the “Geological Exploration Report of Fujiawu Copper-Molybdenum Mining Area in Dexing, Jiangxi Province†was submitted, and the proven copper reserves were 1.419 million tons and molybdenum 113,000 tons. In 1978, the fourth team of Jiangxi Metallurgical Geological Exploration Company submitted the "Guijiawu Copper (Molybdenum) Mine Geological Exploration Summary Report", adding new copper reserves of 1.154 million tons, molybdenum 54,800 tons, and gold, silver, cobalt , Elements such as antimony, selenium and tellurium have been studied and evaluated in detail. So far, the accumulated proven reserves of Fujiawu deposits are 2.573 million tons, molybdenum 168,000 tons, and associated sulfur 8.834 million tons. 2. Geological characteristics of the ore field  (1) Geological overview The geotectonic location of Dexing Ore Field is located at the southern margin of the eastern section of the Yangtze River in the Yangtze River. The regional structure is controlled by the northeastern deep fault zone between the Jiangnan Tailong and Qiantang depressions, and is located in the northwestern plate of the fault zone. The strata in the area are mainly composed of the shallow metamorphic rocks of the Shuangqiaoshan Group in the Neoproterozoic. Its original rock is muddy, silty and volcanic tuff deposits. The ore-controlling structure is based on the east-west fault tectonic system. The close relationship with mineralization is the early Yanshanian medium-acid shallow intrusion, including granodiorite porphyry, quartz diorite, fine-grained rock and lamprophyre. ). (2) ore-bearing rock mass The copper and molybdenum mineralization of the three deposits of Tongchang, Fujiawu and Zhushahong are controlled by three superficial granodiorite porphyry bodies, which are distributed in the west-west side of the west, and the single rock masses are placed on the northwest side. The depth is not equal to the cylindrical rock column, and the surface exposure is 0.7km2, 0.16km2 and 0.06km2 respectively. According isotopic age determination: TONGCHANGHE granodiorite porphyry Age 179 mA (Rb-Sr method), Fujiawu granodiorite porphyry 157Ma (whole rock potassium argon method). (3) Wall rock alteration Surrounding wall rock alteration porphyry deposit in contact with a profile, symmetric concentric annular zoning; order from inside to outside of quartz - sericite of tape, chlorite - muscovite of water and potassium feldspar with - green clay Petrochemical belt. The hydrothermal alteration zone of the three deposits of Tongchang, Fujiawu and Zhushahong.  (4) Distribution of ore bodies The ore body is mainly produced in the contact zone between the granodiorite porphyry and the surrounding rock, and is partially in the porphyry. According to the proportion of reserves that have been discovered, it accounts for about 2/3 of the surrounding rock and about 1/3 of the altered porphyry. The ore bodies of the three deposits are all distributed to the northwest side, and the ore body is large in scale and complete in shape. It looks like a ring from the plane. It looks like a hollow cylinder in the cross section. The ore bodies of the Tongchang deposit occur in the strong and medium alteration zones of the granodiorite porphyry and the outer contact zone. The spatial shape is hollow cylindrical, and the rock body is obliquely inserted to the north. The dip angle is nearly the same as that of the rock mass. The maximum vertical depth is more than 1000 m. The ore body on the porphyry body is larger than the lower ore body, and there are 2/3 ore bodies. Contact tape on the outside. The same is true for the ore body output of the Fujiawu deposit. It is 1100m long from east to west and 625m wide from north to south. The outer ring of the mine is 2800m long, the width of the ring is 200-500m, the thickness is 200-300m, and the extension is 600-950m. The ore body of the cinnabar red deposit is endowed with the inner and outer contact zones of the granodiorite porphyry. The ore body is pulsed and lenticular. There are 6 main ore bodies, and the length of the main vein is 100-1200m. The vertical thickness is 37~176.1m, the controlled tendency extends over 500~800m, and the vertical mineralization depth is more than 800m, but the bottom boundary is not seen. The largest ore body is produced in the upper part of the contact belt. (5) Ore type and mineral combination According to the degree of oxidation in the ore, it is divided into primary sulfide ore, oxidized ore, and mixed ore. The three deposits are mainly composed of primary sulfide copper ore, accounting for more than 85% to 90% of the total copper reserves, oxide copper ore not exceeding 5% to 12%, and mixed copper ore less than 5%. According to the ore structure structure, the ore structure types of the three deposits are inconsistent. The Fujiawu deposit is dominated by disseminated structures, while the Zhushahong and Tongchang deposits are dominated by fine vein-disseminated structures. The ore structure is a crystalline structure, a metamorphic structure, a solid-solution separation structure and a pressurized structure, wherein the metamorphic structure is most developed. The main mineral combinations are chalcopyrite and pyrite, followed by chalcopyrite, arsenic antimony ore and porphyrite. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz, sericite, water muscovite, illite, chlorite, etc., followed by carbonates and sulfates. (6) Type of deposit The Dexing copper (molybdenum) ore field belongs to the typical porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit in China, but has different understandings of the source of ore-forming materials. One is that ore-forming elements and ore-forming fluids are homologous to granodiorite porphyry, both of which are sources of deep or upper mantle; the other is that ore-forming materials are mainly from deep or upper mantle, and some are from surrounding rocks. The ore-bearing fluid is mainly from the deep source in the early stage, and the atmospheric precipitation is the main in the late stage. The main metallogenic stage is the multi-general and multi-source view of the mixed effect of magmatic water and surface circulating water.  (2) Tibet Yulong Copper (Molybdenum) Deposit  Yulong Copper (Molybdenum) Mine is one of China's super-large copper (molybdenum) deposits. It is located in the west of Qingnidong District, Jiangda County, eastern Tibet, 8km north of Sichuan-Tibet Highway, with an altitude of 4560-5120m and a total mining area of ​​2.1km2. Accumulated proven reserves: 6.62 million tons of copper (6.5 million tons of available), 150,000 tons of molybdenum, 6.59 million tons of iron (the amount of ore), 1.78 million tons of pyrite , 59,800 tons of tungsten and zinc , é“‹ , gold, silver, cobalt, etc. have already found considerable reserves. The average grade of the deposit is 0.94% copper and 0.028% molybdenum.  1. A brief history of deposit discovery, exploration and development  "Yulong" Tibetan means "malachite ditch". The folk rumors opened here in the late Qing Dynasty, and several mining pits and mining sites are still visible on the surface of the Yulong mining area. In 1966, the first geological team of Tibet reported that the local herdsmen said that "Yulonggou is a bright and dazzling stone in the clear weather." So he took the heavy snow into the ditch and found most iron caps and a large number of malachite turns. He thought that the deposit was like Daye Iron Mine and deserved further work. In 1967, it was investigated by the Tibet First Geological Brigade and considered to be an skarn-type deposit mainly composed of iron and copper. In 1971, the First Geological Brigade of Tibet used geological, geophysical surveying, surveying, drilling, and pit exploration to discover the layered copper ore body in the eastern part of the mining area, and discovered the copper mineralization in the altered monzonitic granite . Up to 1.7%, copper-molybdenum mineralization was also found in the biotite feldspar porphyry in the southern part of the mining area. In the same year, the 1971 Geological Survey Report of the Yulong Copper-iron Mine in Jiangda County, Tibet and the Opinions on Geological Work in 1972, it is recommended that the main body of the contact zone be first exposed. So far, the Yulong deposit has been initially confirmed, and the view of the existence of porphyry deposits is first proposed. In 1978, the “Geological Report of the Yulong Copper-Molybdenum Mine in Jiangda County, Tibet†was submitted to evaluate this super-large porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit. At present, China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation and the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region are preparing to build Yulong Copper Mine. 2. Geological characteristics of the deposit  (1) Geological overview The Yulong mining area is located in the west wing of the Qingnidong-Haitong complex anticline in the Sanjiang fold belt, and the axis of the short-axis anticline of the Hengxingcuo-Ganlong pull is inclined to the south. The exposed strata in the mining area are the upper middle Triassic. In the northern part of the mine, the lacustrine red clastic rock of the Jiajiala Formation is about 1 050 m thick. The sides of the ore body are exposed to the shallow sea-phase limestone sandstone of the Bolipila Formation, with a total thickness of about 50 m, which is widely distributed in the mining area. The A-sula group marine sand shale , with a thickness greater than 600m, is distributed in the southern part of the mining area. (Figure 3.7.3). (2) ore-bearing rock mass Himalayan intrusive rock distribution in the mining area, mainly acidic granodiorite and granite - quartz ivernite. The ore-bearing rock mass is a biotite II long granite porphyry complex rock with an isotopic age of 37-55 Ma. The exposed area of ​​the rock mass is 0.64km2, which looks like a pear shape on the plane. Most of the rock mass is silicified and silicified, and it is transformed into black mica granite porphyry and potassium long granite. Both alteration and mineralization are controlled by the complex porphyry body. (3) Alteration type The deposit has a distinct typical "central" symmetrical alteration characteristic. Centered on the rock mass, it is divided from the inside to the outside: the inner zone is potassium, silicidation, sericitization, claying ; the middle zone is skarnization, marble or hornification, clayification, shale lithification (Strong) silicidation and sericitization; the outer zone is crystalline limestone or hornite and shale lithology; the normal rock is limestone or sandstone. (4) Distribution of ore bodies The ore body is located in the porphyry and surrounding rock and is composed of three main ore bodies, as shown in Figure 3.7.3 (The No. III ore body in the figure is the No. IV and V mines divided by the Tibet First Geological Brigade. Merged into a body). The No. I ore body is a cylindrical ore body composed of mineralized porphyry and mineralized horns in the near contact zone. It is nearly equiaxed, with an exposed surface area of ​​0.6 km2 and an average thickness of 331 m. The average grade of copper is 0.52%, molybdenum is 0.028%, and copper reserves account for 38.4% of the total area. The ore bodies II and III are respectively distributed in the outer contact zone on the east and west sides of the No. I ore body, and the two ore bodies are closed in a ring shape. The average thickness of the No. 2 ore body is 44m, the average copper grade is 1.7%, and the copper reserves account for about 22% of the whole area. The average thickness of No. III ore body is 69m (represented by the original V-type ore body), the average grade of copper is 2.5%, and the copper reserves account for about 39.4% of the whole area. (5) Ore type and mineral combination There are three types of ore: one is fine vein-disseminated ore, accounting for 82% of the ore's ore, mainly distributed in the No. I ore body. The ore is subdivided into two types of fine veins in porphyry and horn rock, the former being the main one. The main metal minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, followed by copper blue, chalcopyrite, beryllium copper, a small amount of porphyrite, magnetite, hematite and limonite, etc. It is a rock-forming mineral in porphyry and horn rock. The second is copper-bearing limonite ore. Copper is present in limonite. Iron is in the form of limonite and magnetite. The gangue mineral is mainly kaolinite. The third is copper-bearing pyrite ore. The main ore is distributed in the middle and lower part of the layered ore body, accounting for about 7.6% of the total industrial ore. The main minerals are pyrite, Lanhui copper or copper, followed by porphyrite, copper blue and chalcopyrite. The vein-like ore-like ore structure is mainly a self-formed-semi-automorphic crystal structure, metasomatous and metasomatic residual structure, and the ore structure is a fine vein-disseminated structure; the copper-bearing limonite ore is soil-like, colloidal, porous and massive. And a small amount of breccia structure; copper-bearing pyrite ore is mainly staggered veins and densely infiltrated structures. (6) Type of deposit At present, the Yulong deposit is generally referred to as a porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit, and is actually a porphyry-type, skarn-type and hydrothermal vein-type "trinity" composite deposit.  (3) Heilongjiang Duobaoshan Copper (Molybdenum) Ore Field  The Duobaoshan copper (molybdenum) ore field is located in the north of Nenjiang County, Heilongjiang Province, 149km away from Nenjiang Town. The ore field is composed of Duobaoshan, Tongshan and Xiaoduobaoshan. It is one of the large copper mines in China. Total proven reserves: copper 2,440,000 t, the average grade of 0.47%; molybdenum 81,000 t, average grade of 0.016%, and the probe is eligible rich rhenium, gold, silver, selenium and platinum group metals and other mineral Reserves.  1. A brief history of deposit discovery, exploration and development  The Duobaoshan Copper Mine is a newly discovered copper (molybdenum) deposit in 1958. Its discovery and exploration history is roughly divided into two stages: the first stage from 1958 to 1971. In 1958, the third detachment of the Heilongjiang Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Geological Bureau discovered copper mineralization during the 1:200,000 regional geological survey on the periphery of the mining area, and carried out aerial survey and ground magnetic survey. The second exploration team of the bureau conducted a census exploration of the No. 1 and No. 2 ore belts, and obtained copper reserves of 190,000 tons and molybdenum of 12,000 tons. At the same time, the No. 3 ore belt was discovered. In addition, the Tongshan No. 1 ore body was discovered during the 11:1 10,000 geological mapping in the mining area. The second stage was from 1972 to 1983. In 1972, when the Geological Team of the Bureau carried out the census work in the Duobaoshan ore field, it discovered the No. 4 ore belt and the Tongshan No. II and No. III ore bodies, which made the Duobaoshan become a large porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit. In September 1983, the “Special Investigation and Initial Exploration Geological Report of Duobaoshan Copper Deposit in Nenjiang County†was submitted, and the available copper metal reserves were 2.37 million tons, molybdenum 80,000 tons and considerable associated gold, silver, antimony and selenium. And the reserves of platinum group metals. In 1988, the monograph of the Duobaoshan porphyry copper deposit was published. The Duobaoshan copper (molybdenum) ore field is one of the few large-scale porphyry copper (molybdenum) ore deposits with a copper reserve of over 2 million tons in China, and is associated with a variety of beneficial components for comprehensive development and comprehensive utilization. considerable. The existing external construction conditions have also improved, and the selection and selection of equipment for cold storage has also been greatly improved. These have created favorable conditions for the recent development of Duobaoshan Copper (Molybdenum) Mine. The relevant departments have already applied the Duobaoshan Copper (Molybdenum) Mine. Made a research on the development of technical economics.  2. Geological characteristics of the ore field  (1) Geological overview The Duobaoshan ore field is located at the junction of the Daxinganling uplift belt and the Songliao subsidence belt. The large anticline of the Wooli River passes through the mining area, and the Nenjiang large fault passes through the west side. The regional tectonic line is northeast, but the ore field is northwest. The extension direction of the granodiorite and ore body is northwestward, so the regional tectonic line is nearly orthogonal to the ore tectonic line, which plays an important role in controlling the magma emplacement and ore-forming fluid activities. The main mineralized areas develop at the locations where the structures meet. The exposed strata in the mining area are mainly composed of the Guanwuhe Formation clastic rocks of the Middle Ordovician and the Upper Ordovician Duobaoshan Formation volcanic rocks and a small amount of clastic rocks and carbonate interbeds. The Carboniferous system is distributed in the local depressions. Sedimentary strata of the Permian continental basin. (2) ore-bearing rock mass The magmatic rocks in the area are developed, and the Haixi sloping granitoids are exposed in the northeast, and the Duobaoshan granodiorite complex rock mass (292 Ma) is closely related to mineralization. (More) Long granite small rock mass cut through granodiorite and ore belt (250 Ma measured by potassium argon method), so the diagenesis and mineralization age should belong to the middle of the Hercynian. The deposit has a certain relationship with the granodiorite porphyry, and the formation of the deposit has a close genetic relationship with the granodiorite porphyry (Fig. 3.7.4). (3) Wall rock alteration The surrounding rock of the deposit is altered and the space is distributed in a belt-like shape. The alteration center is a silicified porphyry, and the outward-ordered elliptical-like K-bearing petrochemical zone, biotite zone, sericitization zone and barrenite Belt. 1) Silicified porphyry belt (quartz core) Distributed in the center of the deposit, some porphyry and its adjacent rocks are fragmented and filled with potassium feldspar and albite network veins . The strong silicified parts have been replaced by massive quartzite , and the weak ones are only interspersed with sparse network veins. 2) Potassium belt The quartz potassium feldspar sub-band is distributed around the quartz core, with the decrease of the number of quartz veins and the increase of potassium feldspar content, and the transition to the quartz potassium long petrochemical sub-band. Its mineralization is similar to that of quartz core, with weak copper-molybdenum mineralization and small molybdenum ore bodies. Copper and molybdenum ore bodies can be formed only when strong crushing and crystallization are repeated or accompanied by superposition of sericitization and carbonation. In the outer ring of the potassium zone, the amount of quartz and potassium feldspar is reduced, and the content of biotite is increased to form a transition zone. 3) sericitizing zone It is roughly distributed around the potassium belt and is 100-400 m wide. The spatial distribution is basically consistent with the NW-trending structural crush zone and the physicochemical zone. The belt is divided into two sub-bands, that is, the inner belt is a quartz-silica nebula sub-belt. The copper mineralization is continuous and stable, often forming a thick ore body; the outer belt is a chlorite-seri sericization sub-belt, and some areas Due to the superposition of late copper-containing network veins, the copper grade is improved and the ore body becomes thick and stable. 4) Qinglan lithification belt The surrounding sericitization zone is distributed around the periphery of the alteration zone. The deposit corresponds to the surrounding rock alteration zone. The mineralization is basically divided into three zones from the inside to the outside: 1 Copper-molybdenum mineralization zone: mainly copper-bearing ore, distributed in the edge and surrounding of the porphyry. The localized mineralized area forms an independent small molybdenum ore body. 2 The copper mineralization zone is basically consistent with the sericitization zone, and the ore body is positively correlated with the scale of silicidation and sericitization and the occurrence is basically the same. The central part of the ore body is often dominated by porphyrite, followed by chalcopyrite, and pyrite is almost absent. 3 Pyrite mineralization zone: The zone is roughly distributed around the copper ore belt. A less intense pyrite halo is formed on the outside of the main ore body, and a discontinuous distribution of pyrite belt is often formed outside and at the top of the copper ore belt. (4) ore body combination The ore field consists of 215 ore bodies of four ore sizes. Among them, there are 14 main ore bodies, and the No. 3 ore body is the largest in size. The No. X ore body is 1400m long, 23~340m wide and 300~1000m deep. The ore bodies in the deposits are complex in shape and arranged in geese. For example, the ore bodies of the Duobaoshan No. 50 exploration line are arranged by geese and coincide with the northwest-oriented fissures. When the ore bodies in the ore belt are thick and can be combined together, they form a stable thick ore body or ore belt. If the size of the ore body is small, it can only form a few meters to 20 meters thick in the ore belt. Ore body group. The central part of the thick ore belt is relatively stable, and the edge of the ore body is often sharply split and pinched. (5) Ore mineral combination The main mineral ore pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and molybdenite; secondary mineral magnetite, hematite, rutile, galena, sphalerite and pyrrhotite. The structure of the ore is relatively simple. The ore structure is mainly his shape and semi-self-shaped granular structure. The small amount is self-shaped granular, microcrystalline lattice-like and opaque structure, and the residual residue and the lattice-like structure. The ore structure is mainly in the form of disseminated, fine veins, veins and breccia. (6) Type of deposit The formation of this deposit is closely related to the granodiorite porphyry, so the deposit is generally classified as a porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit. However, the understanding of the source of ore-forming materials is still inconsistent. Some emphasize the use of magma-hot liquids; others emphasize the role of the surrounding rock system. For example, Du Qi research believes that the Duobaoshan porphyry copper (molybdenum) metallogenic system is a long-term system for pumping surrounding rock and sometimes discharging upward along the magmatic hydrothermal activity center. Copper is mainly derived from surrounding rock and provides a large amount of water from surrounding rock.  (4) Wunuge Tushan Copper (Molybdenum) Deposit, Inner Mongolia  The Wunuge Tushan Copper (Molybdenum) deposit is located in the northeast of Xinbaerhuyou Banner, Inner Mongolia, about 22km south of Manzhouli City. It is a large porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit discovered in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia since 1980s. Accumulated proven reserves: 1.268 million tons of copper, 0.46% of copper grade, 258,000 tons of molybdenum, 0.055% of the average grade of molybdenum, and the discovery of considerable associated mineral reserves such as antimony, silver and gold. 1. A brief history of deposit discovery, exploration and development  In Manzhouli to Xinbaerhuyouqi area, there were only 1:100 million geological survey data before the 1970s, and it was difficult to find mines. Although the "eight eight one" copper mine was found in the Badaguan copper mine in the northeastern Manchuria from 1974 to 1978, the scale was small and no major progress was made in prospecting. In 1977, the 706 team and the geophysical exploration team of the Heilongjiang Non-ferrous Geological Survey Bureau traced a small copper mine spot near the Manukuri to the "Wu Nuktou Mountain" (in accordance with the correct translation of the Mongolian language, "Unug spit", meaning fox), and A geochemical anomaly of nearly 5km2 was discovered. In 1979, 10 holes were designed and constructed, and almost the hole was seen in the mine. This large porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit was finally discovered. In 1983, the “Geological Evaluation Report of the Wunugetushan Copper (Molybdenum) Deposit in Xinbalhuyouqi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region†was submitted. The reserves have been discovered: 2.232 million tons of copper and 412,000 tons of molybdenum, including 1.268 million tons (D-class reserves) and 257,000 tons of molybdenum on the national reserve balance sheet. The associated sputum and silver reserves have reached large and medium-sized, and there are other beneficial associated components. The economic construction conditions of the district are good, the transportation is convenient, the water and electricity supply is guaranteed, and the mining area is a hilly grassland area, which can be used to build a large and medium-sized copper-molybdenum mine in the near future. The relevant design department has done pre-development planning and demonstration research work.  2. Geological characteristics of the deposit  (1) Geological overview The Wunuge Tushan Copper (Molybdenum) deposit (referred to as Wushan) is one of the large deposits in the Manzhouli-Xinbaerhuyouqi copper polymetallic metallogenic belt, located in the northeastern part of the ore belt. This ore belt is located on the side of the Erguna-Galidong fold system that is connected with the Haixi fold system of the Daxing'anling, which is the northwestern direction of the north side of the Ergun-Hulun deep fault. The Wushan deposit resides beside the secondary fault of the Hanigou in the northwest. The exposed strata in the area are mainly the Upper Ordovician carbonates and the intermediate-acid volcanic rocks of the Upper Paleozoic Devonian. The distribution of the deposits in the area is scattered and remains in the rock mass. The Jurassic upper-middle-acid volcanic complex is also widely distributed in the periphery of the mining area, mainly Anshan , Yingan , rhyolite and clastic rocks. The structure of the mining area is dominated by the northeast-oriented white ash plant-Wunuge spit anticline, and its axis is occupied by the biotite monzonitic granite. The tectonic fault is more developed in the NE-trending and NW-trending groups (Fig. 3.7.5). (2) ore-bearing rock mass There are many stages of volcanic porphyry intrusion in the mining area. In order, it is a rhyolitic crystal condensate lava-slanted long granite porphyry (two long granite porphyry) - Ying'an breccia lava (Yingan porphyry) - rhyolite - syenite porphyry, with medium Acidic-acidic-alkaline evolution characteristics. Close to the mineralization is the two long granite porphyry (single-grain zircon uranium lead method dating 188Ma), in addition to the mineralization intrusive rock mass still has granite porphyry, quartz porphyry, etc., its composition is more It is acidic, vein-like, and rock-like filling in the NE-trending tectonic fault. It is a magmatic differentiation product in the main metallogenic period, and it itself is also affected by mineralization and has ore-bearing properties. The deposit is controlled by sub-volcanic channels formed by the interlaced structures of the northwest and northeast of the western margin of the biotite monzonitic granite and the annular fractured alteration zone produced by the subvolcanic structure (Fig. 3.7.5). Q4. Quaternary; D2w. Devonian zhongtun Wunuer Formation; J3a. Jurassic Upper Anshanite; ξiÏ€. Ying'an breccia lava; γχπ. granitic syenite; γiÏ€. Gang porphyry; λiÏ€. rhyolite crystallized tuff lava; γβ. biotite granite; αμ/δμ. Anshan shale / diorite porphyry; λπ. rhyolite porphyry; γπ. granite porphyry; IH Illite-water muscovite zone; QS. Quartz-silicaitization zone; Q-Kf. Quartz potassium zone; 1. Fault; 2. Ring fracture; 3. Subvolcanic rock neck structure; 4. Breccia Tube structure; 5. geological boundary; 6. alteration boundary line; 7. ore body boundary; 8. copper ore body; 9. molybdenum ore body  (3) Wall rock alteration The surrounding rock alteration of the deposit is extensively developed, with a large scale and obvious zoning. The alteration zone is about 3.5km long in the north, about 2km wide in the northwest, and has an area of ​​about 7km2. The altered zone surrounds the second-long granite porphyry with a central surface-type alteration feature. It can be divided into three zones from the inside to the outside: the inner zone is the quartz potassium feldspar zone; the middle zone is the quartz-sericite tape; the outer zone is The illite-water muscovite band gradually weakens the alteration strength (Fig. 3.7.5). (4) ore body combination A total of 33 copper ore bodies and 13 molybdenum ore bodies were identified in the district. Among them, there are 5 copper ore bodies in the northern section and 2 molybdenum ore bodies. The orebodies are mainly distributed in the porphyry and contact belts. They are controlled by the surrounding porphyry faults, and the ore body is inclined to the north; the copper ore body of the southern part is 28 Article, 11 molybdenum ore bodies. From the distribution of ore bodies in the north and south ore sections, the ore body of the northern ore section is large in scale and good in continuity. The copper and molybdenum reserves account for 80% of the total reserves. The main ore body is 2150 m long, the extension depth is more than 600 m, and the thickness is 70-380 m. The size of the ore body in the southern part of the mine is small and the continuity is poor. The copper and molybdenum reserves account for 20% of the whole area. (5) Ore combination The main metal mineral combination in the ore is closely related to the alteration and zoning, and has obvious zoning. From the quartz potassium long petrochemical belt, the order is: 1 magnetite-pyrite-molybdenite combination; 2 pyrite-molybdenite-chalcopyrite combination and pyrite, chalcopyrite combination; 3 yellow Iron ore-chalcopyrite-lead-zinc mine combination. The ore types are primary sulfide ore, oxidized ore and mixed ore. Among them, primary sulfide ore is the main, and oxidized ore and mixed ore are only partially developed. The ore structure is dominated by his shape-semi-automorphic granular structure, followed by metasomatic structure, inclusion structure, solid solution decomposition structure, leaf plate structure, edging structure, semi-self-shaped-self-morphing crystal structure, etc. Dip-like and fine vein-disseminated structures, occasionally a mass-like structure. The ore structure has obvious zoning characteristics, from the center of the alteration to the fine-grained dissemination to the fine veins. The metal elements in the ore also have horizontal zoning characteristics, which are ordered from the center to the outside: Mo-Mo, Cu-Cu-Cu, Pb, Zn-Pb, Zn-Fe. They basically correspond to each other and have a certain superposition to generate typical porphyry alterations and industrial ore bodies. (6) Type of deposit At present, the deposit is generally classified into the type of sub-volcanic hydrothermal vein-infiltrated porphyry copper (molybdenum) deposit. However, there is an inconsistent understanding of the source of mineral resources. Some believe that the ore-forming materials such as copper and molybdenum of the deposit are derived from the deep crust and upper mantle; some believe that the ore-forming fluid is a mixture of magmatic water and Tianshui.  (5) Hubei Tonglushan Copper-iron Deposit  The Tonglushan copper-iron deposit is located in Tonglushan Town, Daye County, Huangshi City, Hubei Province. It is the largest skarn-rich copper-rich iron deposit in China. Accumulated proven reserves: 11.13 million tons of copper, 1.78% of copper grade, 56.819 million tons of iron ore, and associated with a large number of gold, silver and rare metal minerals, the comprehensive utilization value is huge. 1. A brief history of deposit discovery, exploration and development  The Tonglushan mining area has a long history of development. According to the ancient mining and copper smelting sites discovered in the mining process in 1973, the pit mining began in the late Shang Dynasty and continued to the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and successively collected and refined here. Before the founding of New China, from 1923 to 1934, Xie Jiarong, Liu Jichen, Ye Liangfu, and Zhu Xiren had done geological surveys and mapping work in the area. Since the founding of New China, since 1952, the iron and copper minerals survey has been carried out by the 429th team of the Ministry of Geology, the census team of the Central South Nonferrous Metals Bureau, the 412 team of the Central South Geological Bureau, and the Bayi III team of the East China Branch of the Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Metallurgy. In 1959, the Hubei Geology Bureau Edong Geological Brigade further worked, affirming that the Lulu Mountain is a very rich copper-rich iron deposit. From 1960 to 1961, drilling was used as the main means for preliminary exploration. From 1962 to 1966, he was transferred to detailed exploration. In 1964, the report on the reserves of ore bodies I, II and III of the Tonglushan copper-iron deposit in Daye, Hubei Province was submitted. In 1966, the report on the reserves of ore bodies III-VIII and XI of the Tonglushan copper-iron deposit in Daye, Hubei Province was submitted. From 1967 to 1982, the largest skarn-type copper-rich iron deposit with millions of tons of copper reserves in China was discovered. In 1983, the final summary report of geological exploration of the Tonglushan copper-iron deposit in Daye, Hubei was submitted. . In 1985, the Provincial Reserve Committee approved the detailed survey report of the mining area, which can be used as the basis for mine design and provided a large copper production base for the development of non-ferrous metal industry in Central and South China. The large-scale construction of the mine began in 1965, and the mining and selection design of the mine was carried out by the Changsha Nonferrous Metals Design Institute based on the geological exploration results submitted in 1964. The mining capacity is 4000t/d (exposed for dew and pit mining is 2000t/d), the upper part of mines I, II and V is open-pit mining, and the lower part of mines III and VI is underground mining. Since it was put into production in 1971, it has been continuously produced for more than 20 years. Since the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", the second phase of the project has been rebuilt and expanded based on the geological results submitted in 1983. The annual production capacity of copper concentrate is over 10,000 tons. It is one of the eight mining enterprises with an annual output of 10,000 tons of copper concentrates. The geological exploration work has made great contributions to the development of the copper industry in Central and South China.  2. Geological characteristics of the deposit  1) Geological overview. The Tonglushan deposit is located in the western part of the Lower Yangtze depression, at the northwestern end of the Yangxin rock mass, and the north part of the north-northwest concealed anticline. The strata of the mining area are exposed as marble and dolomite marbles of the Lower Triassic Daye Group, and they are island arcs and traps remain in the quartz diorite porphyry and quartz diorite. 3.7.6). 2) Mineral-bearing rock mass. The Tonglushan rock mass is an Yanshanian intrusion, mainly composed of quartz two long diorite porphyry, which is an ore-bearing rock mass. It has an irregular elliptical shape on the plane, and the mushroom-like rock strain that is inclined to the southeast in the section is closely symbiotic with the skarn ore body. The diagenetic age is 157-137 Ma, slightly earlier than the ore-forming age of 145-115 Ma. The rock is a porphyritic structure, and its chemical composition is low- magnesium iron-rich alkali. It belongs to the normal series of calc-alkaline rocks with weak supersaturation of silica. To the depths, the plaque-like structure in the rock gradually disappears and transitions to the quartz diorite. 3) Wall rock alteration. The Tonglushan deposit has significant alterations in the rock mass and in the marble near the contact zone. There are mainly four types of alteration: one is alkaline metamorphism, which appears in the magmatic rock beside the skarn, and is divided into sodium metamorphic and potassium metasomatism; the second is calcareous metamorphism, in the side of the skarn. the contact strip is generated, and diopside into basic petrochemical plagioclase; Third skarnization, carbonate rock mainly based account, is intimately associated with the copper and iron ore, that is, occurrence skarn ore The main rock of the body; the fourth is hydrothermal alteration, mainly phlogopization, chlorite, serpentine, carbonation and silicification. 4) Ore body combination. The deposit consists of 12 ore bodies (groups) of varying sizes. The main ore body is distributed in the skarn, forming three ore belts, as shown in Figure 3.7.6. (1) The north-northeast ore belt (main ore belt) consists of seven ore bodies (groups) such as I, III, IV, V, VI, XI and XII. The ore belt is about 2100m long from north to south and 300~350m wide. The ore body is mostly layered or lenticular. The ore belt is dominated by rich ore bodies, and its buried depth is deep in the middle and south, and a large ore body group is formed centering on the No. III ore body. The ore body can be up to 140m thick and has a maximum extension of 800m. (2) The NEE ore body consists of four ore bodies, namely VII, VIII, IX and X. The ore belt is 1850m long and 100m wide. The ore body is irregularly lenticular, small in scale, scattered in sporadic, and poor in continuity. (3) The north-west westward ore belt is mainly composed of some small ore bodies between the No. 2 ore body and the No. 6-4 exploration line. 5) Type of ore. 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矿区ç«å±±æ´»åŠ¨å¼ºçƒˆï¼Œå·²å‘现有紫金山ã€äºŒåº™æ²Ÿå’Œèµ¤æ°´ä¸‰ä¸ªç«å±±æœºæž„(图3.7.8)。ç«å±±æœºæž„å—北东和北西å‘æ–裂交汇结点控制。矿区ä¸éƒ¨ç´«é‡‘山主峰东å—侧ç«å±±æœºæž„å³ä½äºŽåŒ—东å‘å°é‡‘沟æ–裂和北西å‘紫金山æ–裂带的交汇部ä½ã€‚ç«å±±æœºæž„北西和å—东侧å‘育大é‡çš„脉状次英安玢岩和éšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©ï¼Œå½¢æˆé•¿ï¼‘８ï¼ï¼mã€å®½ï¼˜ï¼ï¼m的次英安玢岩-è§’ç ¾å²©å¸¦ï¼Œæ€»ä½“å‘ˆåŒ—è¥¿ï¼å—东走å‘，倾å‘北东，倾角ä¸ç‰è‡³ç¼“。与矿区主è¦é“œé‡‘矿化带分布基本一致，控制了铜金矿带的展布。次英安玢岩和éšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©ç›¸å¯¹é›†ä¸å‘育地段是铜金矿化主è¦åœ°æ®µã€‚矿体多为脉状产出。 (3)围岩蚀å˜çŸ¿åŒºçƒæ¶²èš€å˜å¼ºçƒˆï¼Œè¾¾æ•°å¹³æ–¹å…¬é‡Œï¼Œåž‚æ·±å¯è¾¾åƒç±³ï¼Œå…·æœ‰â€œé¢åž‹â€å’Œâ€œçº¿åž‹â€å¤šæœŸèš€å˜å åŠ ç‰¹ç‚¹ï¼Œå‘ˆçŽ°ç¡…åŒ–ã€è¿ªå¼€çŸ³åŒ–ã€æ˜ŽçŸ¾çŸ³åŒ–ã€ç»¢äº‘æ¯åŒ–和黄é“矿化ç‰ä¸€å¥—低温çƒæ¶²èš€å˜ç±»åž‹ã€‚垂直分带较明显，深部主è¦ä¸ºçŸ³è‹±-绢云æ¯å¸¦ï¼Œä¸éƒ¨ä¸ºçŸ³è‹±-明矾石-迪开石带，上部为硅化帽。 (4)矿带矿体矿区铜矿带ä¸é“œçŸ¿ä½“主è¦èµ‹å˜äºŽï¼–５ï¼m高程以下的原生带ä¸ï¼Œä¸ºéšä¼çŸ¿ä½“。矿带主è¦ç”±ä¸€ç³»åˆ—密集的脉状铜矿体组æˆã€‚å·²åˆæ¥åœˆå®šé“œçŸ¿ä½“４１个，总体走å‘３２ï¼Â°ï¼Œå€¾å‘北东，倾角２ï¼ï½žï¼•ï¼Â°ï¼Œæœ‰ä¸Šé™¡ä¸‹ç¼“的趋势。紫金山矿床系指矿区西北矿段的铜金矿体，并ä¾æ®æ¬¡ç«å±±å²©è„‰å’Œéšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©å¸¦çš„å‘育程度划分出三个铜金矿带。由å—往北，由下往上，为ï¼å·çŸ¿å¸¦ã€â… å·çŸ¿å¸¦ã€â…¡å·çŸ¿å¸¦ã€‚ 0å·çŸ¿å¸¦ï¼šä½äºŽçŸ¿åŒºåŒ—西å‘脉状éšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©å’Œç¬¬äºŒæ¬¡æ¬¡è‹±å®‰çŽ¢å²©å¯†é›†å¸¦ï¼‘å·çŸ¿å¸¦ä¸‹ç›˜ï¼Œå·²åœˆå‡ºï¼‘７矿体。矿化带厚度１ï¼ï¼ï½žï¼’８ï¼m，延深约５ï¼ï¼ï½žï¼–ï¼ï¼m，最大深度达９ï¼ï¼m，矿化围岩主è¦ä¸ºèš€å˜èŠ±å²—岩。铜储é‡å 全区的４３.５８％。 Ｉå·çŸ¿å¸¦ï¼šä¸»è¦åˆ†å¸ƒäºŽæ¬¡è‹±å®‰çŽ¢å²©å’Œè„‰çŠ¶éšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©å¯†é›†å¸¦å†…ã€‚å·²æŽ§åˆ¶çŸ¿å¸¦é•¿çº¦ï¼–ï¼ï¼m，宽５ï¼ï¼m，矿化带厚度２ï¼ï¼ï½žï¼’ï¼–ï¼m，延深４７ï¼ï½žï¼—５ï¼m，最大延深达８ï¼ï¼m。带内有１１个矿体。矿体的围岩主è¦ä¸ºéšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©ã€èš€å˜èŠ±å²—岩，其次为次英安玢岩。矿带铜储é‡å 全区的４８.８８％，是铜矿主è¦çŸ¿åŒ–带。 â…¡å·çŸ¿å¸¦ï¼šä½äºŽâ… å·çŸ¿å¸¦ä¸Šç›˜ã€‚该带规模较å°ï¼ŒæŽ§åˆ¶ç¨‹åº¦ä½Žï¼ŒåŸ‹è—较浅。矿化带厚度在３ï¼ï¼ï½ä»¥ä¸Šï¼Œå»¶æ·±å°šä¸æ¸…楚。已控制有１３个矿体。矿化围岩主è¦ä¸ºèš€å˜èŠ±å²—岩，其次为éšçˆ†è§’ç ¾å²©ï¼Œå…¶é“œå‚¨é‡å 全区的７.５％。 金矿体主è¦åˆ†å¸ƒåœ¨ï¼©å·çŸ¿åŒ–带，赋å˜åœ¨ï¼–５ï¼m高程以上的氧化带ä¸ï¼Œé‡‘çŸ¿ä½“ä¸€èˆ¬åŽšå‡ ååŽ˜ç±³åˆ°å‡ ç±³ï¼Œå»¶é•¿å‡ ååˆ°ç™¾ä½™ç±³ï¼Œå»¶æ·±å‡ å至２ï¼ï¼ä½™m，没有天然矿体界é™ï¼Œå‘ˆè„‰çŠ¶ï¼Œéƒ¨åˆ†å‘ˆæ‰è±†çŠ¶ã€é€é•œçŠ¶ï¼Œé‡‘å“ä½ä¸€èˆ¬ï¼“～５gï¼t，最高达３ï¼.ï¼’ï¼”gï¼t。矿带ä¸å‘现金工业矿体数å个。 (5)矿石类型铜矿石基本为原生硫化物矿石，以黄é“矿ã€è“辉铜矿-è¾‰é“œçŸ¿ä¸ºä¸»ï¼Œå…¶æ¬¡ä¸ºç¡«ç 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东å·é“œçŸ¿ç”°ç»è¿‡ï¼”ï¼å¤šå¹´æ¥çš„地质勘查工作，共å‘现ã€å‹˜æŸ¥é“œçŸ¿åºŠã€çŸ¿ç‚¹ï¼‘４８个。其ä¸ï¼Œè¯¦ç»†å‹˜æŽ¢ï¼”ï¼ä¸ªã€åˆæ¥å‹˜æŽ¢ï¼‘６个ã€æ™®æŸ¥ï¼“８个ã€æ¦‚查５４个。探获大型铜矿床２个（汤丹ã€è½é›ªï¼‰ï¼Œä¸åž‹é“œçŸ¿åºŠï¼•ä¸ªï¼ˆçŸ³å°†å†›-èåœåœ°ã€é¢å±±ã€å¤§è‹±ç¨ ã€æ»¥æ³¥åªã€æ–°å¡˜ï¼‰ï¼Œå°åž‹çŸ¿åºŠï¼“６个。共累计探明铜储é‡ï¼“９１.４万t，近年æ¥é€šè¿‡æˆçŸ¿é¢„æµ‹ç ”ç©¶å’Œå‹˜æŸ¥ï¼Œé¢„æµ‹ä¸œå·çŸ¿ç”°é“œå‚¨é‡åŒ…括已探获的铜储é‡å¯è¾¾åˆ°ï¼•ï¼ï¼ä¸‡t以上 Product Application Fiber Laser Marking Machine,50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine,Desktop Type Fiber Laser Making Machine,Metal Laser Printing Machine Zhongcan Technology Co.,Ltd , https://www.zhongcanlaser.com
Features:
1. Open worktable, easy to load the material and can work with customized automatic matching system.
2. With small size, high speed, long working life, flexible installation, etc.
3. Low power consumption, high beam quality, etc.
4. Fast processing speed, is the traditional marking machine six times.
5. Electro optical conversion efficiency is high, the power consumption is less than 500 W.
6. Marking software is powerful and compatible Coreldraw/Auto CAD.
Advantages
1. Long lifespan fiber laser source: 100,000 hours.
2. Board adopts EZCAD interference, the stability is stronger.
3. USB interfaces swift and stable transmission.
4. Low consumption: <400 W, more economized and environmental.
5. Strong Compatibility: TTF Font, SHX, BMP, DXF, AI, PLT, etc..
6. High Precision: Up to 0.005 mm, bring you the fantastic and satisfied marking effect.
7. Without any maintenance, air-cooled.
8. The lift platform adopts the lead screw and double guide rail, and is more stable, and the lifting height is 550 mm