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During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, China will produce 6 million tons of bio-liquid fuel, including 5 million tons of fuel ethanol. A few days ago, an official of the National Development and Reform Commission introduced that China's fuel ethanol project was launched eight years ago to solve the problem of excess grain and grain. After unremitting efforts in 1999-2005, the first batch of four fuel ethanol fixed-point production enterprises in the country have completed the planning and construction of 1.02 million tons of production capacity, basically fulfilling the three major tasks of “pulling agriculture, protecting the environment and replacing energy†proposed by the “Tenth Five-year Planâ€. Strategic objectives.
Food security becomes a bottleneck
At present, China is the world’s third largest biofuel ethanol producer and consumer after Brazil and the United States. It is reported that with the gradual promotion of fuel ethanol, China's production of fuel ethanol with aged grains as raw materials soared from 70,000 tons in 2003 to 1.32 million tons in 2006, if it is converted to 1 ton of fuel ethanol per 3.3 tons of corn. In 2006 alone, 4.36 million tons of corn were consumed. However, corn, which is the main raw material of fuel ethanol, is currently in a state of supply shortage. The sharp reduction in corn stocks has caused the price of domestic corn to soar. Fuel ethanol has plagued the competition with the people. Safeguarding national food security has become a serious topic for the government. According to industry experts, China has a large population and few per capita arable land. Producing fuel ethanol with a large amount of grain is bound to “fight for food†and “contend for land†with people, causing the human living space to become smaller and smaller, which does not meet China’s national conditions.
In response to the overheating tendency and blind momentum of the development of bio-ethanol fuel in some regions, in December 2006, the State Council issued the “National Development and Reform Commission’s Urgent Notice on Strengthening the Construction and Management of Corn Processing Projects†and the “National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance on Strengthening. The "Building Management of Biofuel Ethanol Projects and Promoting the Healthy Development of Industries" requires that local governments not blindly develop corn processing ethanol fuel and at the same time clean up corn processing projects. It can be seen from these two notifications that insisting on “non-grain-based†is fundamental and is the direction of future development of biofuel ethanol in China. The "11th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biofuels Ethanol and Automotive Ethanol Gasoline" issued by the State and relevant industrial policies also explicitly put forward the principle of "according to local conditions and non-grain-based".
Practice has proved that the production of fuel ethanol from foodstuffs is not in line with national conditions. Exploring non-food energy resources is a general trend. At present, Brazil, which has the most advanced fuel ethanol development, uses sugar cane to produce fuel ethanol. The United States uses corn to produce fuel ethanol. However, China does not have the conditions for large-scale use of sugarcane or corn. With the policy of restricting the implementation of corn processing projects, the industry must look for biomass resources other than corn to produce fuel ethanol.
"Actually, not only can corn produce ethanol, some fibrous materials can also produce ethanol," the experts pointed out. According to reports, fiber raw materials mainly include grasses, sweet potatoes and other crops and straw, crop shell, branches, leaves, forestry and other materials. The production of fuel ethanol from non-food raw materials is of importance and feasibility. It does not compete for land and water with crops and other related national and people's livelihood crops, and the yield per unit area is high. However, at present, there are still problems in the large-scale collection and transportation of raw materials for the production of ethanol fuel from these raw materials in China, and the technology for cellulose production of fuel ethanol has yet to be improved.
Unclear policy
One of the main problems faced in the development of fuel ethanol is the shortage of raw materials and the lack of excellent varieties of energy plants. The planting of existing energy plants is far from meeting the needs. How to solve this problem? "The marginal land can be developed to increase the planting area of ​​energy plants," said Yuan Zhenhong, a researcher at the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He said that at present, there are many marginal lands that can be exploited and utilized in China, probably about the same as the existing arable land, which can be adapted to local conditions and grow energy crops. However, to produce material energy, to develop so much land, the state must introduce relevant policies and measures. Because the development of material energy is not only a corporate behavior, market behavior alone cannot solve the problem.
Relevant persons also believe that the issue of resources is, to some extent, a policy issue. At present, the state has not issued a clear policy on how to develop marginal land for planting energy crops, and companies will be at a loss.
An entrepreneur, who asked not to be named, complained to reporters: “We have long seen the market opportunities for fuel ethanol and also considered the issue of raw materials. We are very optimistic about the long-term 'no value' of land - North and South Some of the mountainous areas have had almost no agricultural or commercial value over the years and can only grow sweet sorghum or cassava. If these resources are used, not only can they generate economic value, but also have social benefits - increase the income of local farmers, and There will be no problem of fighting for food with the people. However, because the country does not have a policy on the planting of energy plants, these lands have not been used."
In addition, the reporter also learned that companies that have long been engaged in fuel ethanol manufacturing have not produced true fuel ethanol for years. "This is not due to technical immaturity, but because the country has not yet introduced a policy to open up the ethanol fuel market. Now only those pilot state-owned enterprises that have been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission can produce and target sales of fuel ethanol." “In the past two years, considering food security, the country’s approval has become stricter and slower. Although the market outlook for fuel ethanol is very good, there are intangible thresholds for cumbersome policy approvals, and some promising companies have already withdrawn, even if they produce fuel. Ethanol, because there is no downstream fixed-point channel support, has no sales."
In addition, it is understood that China’s “Renewable Energy Law†was implemented as early as January 1, 2006. Since then, the National Development and Reform Commission has promulgated the "Guidance Catalogue for the Development of Renewable Energy Industries." However, to date, no "can be issued." Detailed implementation details of the Renewable Energy Law.
Put energy strategy into place
Experts predict that there will be a large energy gap in China in 2050. It is necessary to take precautions. Only at the current stage, it is clear that the current stage of industrialization of renewable energy, and the development of corresponding guidance and incentive policies, can make the renewable energy industry into a healthy development track, the energy strategy goals may become a reality.
It is understood that foreign policies to encourage renewable energy are mainly reflected in target guidance, price incentives, financial subsidies, tax incentives, credit support, export incentives, scientific research and industrialization promotion, and administrative intervention. At present, only four fuel ethanol producers approved by the National Development and Reform Commission in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Henan, and Anhui Provinces are allowed to enter the national fuel ethanol sales system, and they can receive a national subsidy of 1,375 yuan per ton of fuel ethanol.
“We do not value government subsidy for products. We only hope that the government can take advantage of the current opportunity to develop fuel ethanol, open the market, formulate clear market access thresholds and industrial development policies, and allow more investors to be fair. Competitive participation," said one entrepreneur who has been waiting for approval for years.
It is understood that the production of fuel ethanol with cellulose as raw material has started in China. Experts from the Chinese Academy of Engineering told the reporter that China’s immediate goal is to produce 3 million tons of fuel ethanol from potatoes (such as cassava). The medium-term goal is to produce 5 million tons of fuel ethanol with sweet sorghum as the main raw material. It is reported that at present, the production of cassava in China is about 12 million tons, of which the output in Guangxi is up to 8 million tons. By increasing the yield and using wasteland, the output of cassava can be increased to 50 million tons; and the sweet sorghum has strong drought tolerance ability. Saline-alkali land grows. China can grow sweet sorghum from Hainan Island to Heilongjiang Province. The country has a planting potential of 20 million tons. In addition, by 2015, straw cellulose will likely become the main raw material for fuel ethanol, and the production of fuel ethanol can reach 12 million tons.
Yuan Zhenhong said that China’s land area is very large. If the country can introduce a good policy and vigorously develop biomass energy and expand it to several times, the prospect of this industry is very impressive. However, if there is no policy cooperation, relying solely on existing resources, it is difficult to have an impact on the entire energy system.
Under double pressure, the fuel ethanol industry is uncertain
At present, during the period of rising international oil prices and energy shortages, governments of all countries are vigorously developing and promoting bioenergy. Recently, the "White Paper on Industry Research of China's Fuel Ethanol Industry" published by Kearney, a world-renowned consulting firm, shows that there are certain problems in China's fuel ethanol industry, mainly due to high costs and low production efficiency. In this regard, industry experts and entrepreneurs said that the current fuel ethanol industry in China is facing resource shortages and related policies are uncertain. ?