So far, China has no clear and unified definition of superior mineral resources. Many scholars have mentioned the term minerality in the literature, but they have not given a strict definition. Development Strategy advantages of mineral resources in China, we must first define what is the advantage of our metal mineral resources. The so-called "advantage" refers to "the advantage of being able to overwhelm each other" (Chinese Dictionary, Shanghai Dictionary Press). "Advantage" is relative to "competition". With "competition", "advantage" emerges. Different economics have different views on the concept of competitive advantage. The international competitive advantage depends on the relative advantages of production factors in a certain country or region - labor, capital and natural endowment. This view goes from the "comparative advantage theory" founded by Adam Smith to David Ricardo's "comparative trade theory". The “advantage†of superior mineral resources comes from the competitiveness formed by its natural endowments, including the quantity of resources (reserves), quality (grade), scale, external natural conditions (infrastructure) for exploration and development, and market access. Possibilities, etc., as well as comparative advantages arising from national resource policies (economic and regulatory means such as taxes). From this perspective, the definition of China's dominant metal mineral resources is: "China's dominant metal mineral resources refer to the metal mineral resources that are important to the national economy and the people's livelihood because of the comparative advantages arising from the natural enjoyment of such resources and the ability to control or basically control the international market." According to this definition, the definition criteria for China's dominant metal mineral resources should include: It should be a mineral that has an important impact on the development of the national economy. (Note: Since the 1980s, China has carried out an analysis of the mineral resources situation for the development and planning of the national economy. In this work, it is necessary to A fixed 45 species (classes) of minerals that have an important impact on the development of the national economy are analyzed. However, the 45 species (categories) here do not refer to 45 minerals, but to "45 minerals (classes, groups or families). ), actually related to 63 minerals in the current classification of minerals in China). The reserves, production and export volume of this kind of resources should be among the highest in the world at the same time, and in order to ensure effective control of the world market, the share of the world total should be at least 10%. The reserve distribution of this kind of resources should be relatively concentrated. Except for China as the world's first and second largest resource, the reserves account for more than 10% of the world's total. There should be no more than 3 potential suppliers that can compete with me in the world supply market. . The exploration and development costs of such resources should be competitive internationally, and the overall average exploration and development costs should be 10% lower than the world average. This kind of resource should be export-oriented, and the export dependence (export volume/yield) should be above 50%. The raw materials of this kind of resources are strategic and critical, and there is little room for substitution in major end uses. The major consumer countries rely on me for more than 1/3. According to the above defined criteria, we use the exclusion method to determine the types of dominant metal mineral resources in China. So far, China has found 171 mineral resources, including 157 minerals with proven reserves. Of the 157 minerals with proven reserves, 54 are metal minerals. Since the 1980s, China's mineral resources situation analysis for the development and planning of the national economy has stipulated that 45 kinds of minerals that play an important role in the development of the national economy should be fixed. In these 45 kinds of minerals have important implications for the development of national economy, including 19 metal minerals, are: iron, Li, chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, keyhole, antimony, rare earth, gold, silver, platinum group metals, sawing, titanium. In these 19 kinds of "metal minerals that have an important impact on the development of the national economy", according to the customs statistical yearbook, iron, manganese , chromium, nickel, diamond, copper, lead, platinum group metals, titanium, and other 10 metals are The shortage of metal mineral resources that China needs to import is not a competitive advantage resource (see Table 1). Table 1 Mineral products unit Export import Deficit Quantity Amount Quantity Amount Iron ore and concentrate Ton 545 9 92308188 250270 250261 Manganese ore and concentrate Ton 3300 46 1710077 13107 13061 Chrome ore and concentrate Ton 13182 143 1090441 8098 7955 Copper ore and concentrate Ton 22320 72 2255242 89800 89728 Lead ore and concentrate Ton 145 8 320771 824 816 Alumina Ton 25339 888 3346041 62489 61601 Nickel ore and concentrate Ton 77 2 6986 418 416 Titanium ore and concentrate Ton 16193 137 59210 507 370 Cobalt ore and concentrate Ton - - 29222 31525 31525 Platinum and products kg 337 482 4214 4650 4168 For the remaining nine metal mineral resources (lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, platinum, rhodium, rare earth, gold, silver), we separately list their reserves, production, and proportion of the world's total, while listing potential The competing countries are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. It can be seen from Table 2 that the two precious metal resources, gold and silver, are relatively scattered in the world of storage and production, and the proportion of reserves and production in China is low. I do not have a comparative advantage. Table 2 The reserves of nine important metal mineral resources in China's trade surplus are in the world Mineral Reserves World ranking Reserve international percentage Other important resource countries and their proportion Tungsten 1 40.5% Canada (13.7%), Russia (13.1%), United States (7.4%); The top 4 countries together account for 75% tin 1 30.4% Malaysia (17.4%), Indonesia (11.6%), Brazil (7.8%); the top 4 countries together accounted for 67% antimony 1 42.9% Russia (16.7%), Bolivia (14.8%), South Africa (11.4%); the top 4 countries together account for 86% Rare earth 1 43% Former Soviet Union (19%), United States (13%), Australia (5.2%), The first four countries together account for 80% molybdenum 3 10% United States (48%) Chile (19.6%) Canada (8%); The first four countries together accounted for 86% lead 2 14% Australia (23.4%), the United States (13.6%), Peru (3%), South Africa (3%), Kazakhstan (3%); The top 3 countries together accounted for (51%) Zinc 1 17.9% Australia (16.8%), the United States (13.2%), Canada (5.8%), The top 4 countries together accounted for (54%) gold 7 2% South Africa (38%), United States (11.2%), Australia (10%), Russia (6%) silver 5 5.8% Mexico (8.6%), Canada (8.1%), Australia (7.7%), the United States (7%), the distribution of reserves is relatively dispersed Table 3 The output of nine important mineral resources in China's trade surplus is in the world Mineral Production in World ranking Reserve international percentage Other important resource countries and their proportion Tungsten 1 80.21% Russia (9.36%), Austria (4.28%), The first three producing countries account for 93.85% of the world total Mine tin 1 39.04% Indonesia (20.75%), Peru (15.04%), The first three producing countries accounted for 74.83% of the world total Refined tin 1 41.88% Indonesia (17.6%), Malaysia (9.94%), Brazil (5.24%), the first four producing countries accounted for 74.66% of the world total antimony 1 58.44% Russia (21.25%), South Africa (5.06%), Tajikistan (4.65%), The first four producing countries account for 74.66% of the world total Rare earth 1 87.64% India (3.24%), the United States (6%), the former Soviet Union (2.4%), The first four producing countries account for 99.28% of the world total molybdenum 2 24.04% United States (29.39%), Chile (24.26%), The first three producing countries accounted for 77.69% of the world total Mine lead 2 18.69% Australia (22.96%), the United States (14.36%), Peru (8.8%), The first four producing countries accounted for 64.81% of the world total Refined lead 2 15.23% United States (21.59%), Germany (6.25%), United Kingdom (4.9%), The first four producing countries accounted for 47.97% of the world total Zinc 1 19.68% Canada (11.47%), Australia (16.34%), Peru (10.48%), The first four producing countries accounted for 57.97% of the world total gold 4 6.3% South Africa (16.63%), United States (13.80%), Australia (11.5%), The first four producing countries accounted for 57.97% of the world total silver 5 7.51% Mexico (14.01%), Peru (13.76%), Australia (11.62%), United States (11.38%) For the remaining seven major metal mineral resources (tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earth, platinum, lead, zinc), we separately analyze their export situation, resource exploration and development costs, and the dependence of major consumer countries on China, see table 4. Table 4 Export situation of China's seven dominant metal mineral resources, exploration and development cost advantages and dependence of major consumer countries on me Mineral products Export dependence The dependence of major consumer countries on my imports Exploration and development cost advantage Tungsten About 75% US import dependence is 70%, of which China is 48% Approximately 20-30% cost advantage compared to other major tungsten producing countries tin About 70% US import dependence is 8%, of which China is 22% China's refined tin and electric tin still have about 40% profit margin antimony About 90% need to export, domestic consumption is only about 10,000 tons US import dependence is 84%, of which China is 86% (metal) and 37% (ore and concentrate), and oxide is 43%. The average production cost of China's antimony concentrate, refined antimony and antimony oxide is lower than the world average production cost. Rare earth About 70% In 2000, the United States imported rare earth from China accounted for 64.4% of its imports. China's rare earth production accounts for nearly 90% of the world's total output, and it is impossible to compare cost advantages. molybdenum About 85% The United States is also a major producer of molybdenum US imports of molybdenum from China account for about 26% of its total imports. At present, the average production cost of molybdenum concentrate in China is 20% higher than the international average. lead The export dependence of refined lead is 36.7%, but the import dependence of lead ore and concentrate is also 37.7%. Major Western countries are major producers of refined lead, which are competitive rather than dependent. China's mine lead cash production costs are about 10.8% lower than the world average. Zinc The export dependence of refined zinc is 26.7%, but the import dependence of zinc ore and concentrate is correspondingly 27.4%. Major Western countries are major producers of refined zinc, which are competitive rather than dependent. China's mine zinc production costs are about 14% lower than the world average, and zinc ingot production costs are about 18% lower than the world average. 锑 is China’s traditional export commodities. China's antimony ore production accounts for 3/4, and exports account for 4/5 of international trade. As a result of long-term over-production and over-export, the international market price fell from $3,810/ton in 1994 to $1,256/ton in 1999, and fell to an all-time low of $1,000 to $1,050/ton in August 2001. . As China’s world’s largest exporter, China’s exports are not only unable to control international market prices. On the contrary, China’s export prices are much lower than this. In April 2009, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on the release of the total amount of tungsten ore and rare earth mining control indicators in 2009". Since then, the price has risen by 6,400 to 6,500 US dollars / ton. In May 2009, the Ministry of Land and Resources also implemented total control on the mining of dominant minerals such as tungsten, tantalum and rare earth, and suspended the acceptance of specific mining of three types of tungsten, tantalum and rare earth mines before June 30. Prospecting and mining rights applications. It can be seen from the analysis of the above data/facts that only the four metal mineral resources such as tungsten, tin, antimony and rare earth are in full compliance with the prevailing mineral resources standards (belonging to the minerals that have a major impact on the development of the national economy); The proportion of reserves, production and exports to the world share is sufficient to control or influence the international market; the distribution of reserves is relatively concentrated, and the number of competing countries is small; the cost of exploration and development is competitive internationally; the dependence on exports is high; the major consumer countries are against me. High degree of dependence); China's dominant metal mineral resources such as rare earth, tungsten, antimony and tin are minerals with strategic status in the future. The research and development and application of new materials based on these strategic resources is also one of the most competitive and dynamic areas in the world. For China's competitive mineral resources, the Ministry of Land and Resources said that through effective and rational planning, the mining rights should be placed in an orderly manner, and the total amount of exploration and exploitation should be properly controlled to promote the balance and stable development of the global supply and demand market. Universal silicone Phone Case Feature:
10.Universal silicone phone case photos for reference
Universal Silicone Phone Case,Silicon Phone Cover,Silicone Mobile Phone Covers,Cheap Custom Phone Cases,Apple Silicone Case 6S,Custom Silicone Phone Covers Dongguan OK Silicone Gift Co., Ltd. , https://www.oemsiliconegift.com
OK Silicone Gift Co.,Ltd always help customers to do their ideal silicone phone case ,like Universal silicone phone case,apple silicone case 6/6s/7/7s/6plus/6plus/8/8plus/X/Xs or any other kinds of phone model ,you can also chose any pantone color for your phone case,our team will supply you on one-stop service from design to sample to production to shippment.
Universal silicone phone case details:
1.Product name:Universal silicone phone case,Silicon phone cover,Silicone mobile phone covers,cheap custom phone cases,apple silicone case 6s,custom silicone phone covers
2.Place of origin:Guangdong China
3.Color:any color can be customized
4.Logo:printed,debossed,embossed
5.MOQ:500pcs.
6.Package:1 pcs/opp,customized design is welcome.
7.Design:Can be Customized
8.Certification:FDA,LFGB,SGS,ROHS,etc.
9.Usage:Protecting phone
