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The full-scale development of biosensor research was in the 1980s and has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. It has been highly valued and widely used in food industry, environmental monitoring, fermentation industry, and medicine.
Four major application areas of biosensors
Biosensors are entering a period of in-depth research and development, and a growing number of miniaturized, integrated, intelligent, and practical biosensors and systems.
Food industry
The application of biosensors in food analysis includes the determination of food ingredients, food additives, harmful toxins, and food freshness.
Food composition analysis: In the food industry, glucose content is an important indicator of fruit maturity and shelf life. The developed enzyme electrode biosensor can be used to analyze glucose in white wine, apple juice, jam and honey.
Analysis of Food Additives: Sulfites are commonly used as bleaching agents and preservatives in the food industry, and current-type sulfur dioxide electrodes made using sulphite oxidase as a sensitive material can be used to determine the content of sulfurous acid in foods. In addition, the use of biosensors for the determination of pigments and emulsifiers has also been reported.
2. Environmental monitoring
In recent years, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, and people are eager to have an instrument capable of continuous, rapid, and on-line monitoring of pollutants. Biosensors meet people's requirements. At present, a considerable part of biosensors have been used in environmental monitoring.
Atmospheric environment monitoring: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the main reason for the formation of acid rain and the traditional detection method is very complicated. Marty et al. immobilized subcellular lipids on cellulose acetate membranes and oxygen electrodes to make amperometric biosensors for the detection of acid rain acid mist sample solutions.
3. Fermentation industry
Among various biosensors, the microbiological sensor has the characteristics of low cost, simple equipment, no limitation on the degree of turbidity of the fermentation liquid, and the elimination of interference from interfering substances in the fermentation process. Therefore, microbial sensors are widely used as an effective measurement tool in the fermentation industry.
Microbial sensors can be used to measure raw materials and metabolites in the fermentation industry. In addition, it is also used to determine the number of microbial cells. The use of this electrochemical cell number sensor allows continuous and on-line determination of cell concentration.
4. Medical field
Biosensors in the medical field are playing an increasingly larger role. Biosensing technology not only provides a rapid and simple new method for basic medical research and clinical diagnosis, but also has broad application prospects in military medicine because of its uniqueness, sensitivity, and quick response.
In clinical medicine, enzyme electrodes are the earliest developed and most widely used sensors. Microbial sensors can be made using microorganisms with different biological properties instead of enzymes. In military medicine, timely and rapid detection of biological toxins is an effective measure to prevent biological weapons. Biosensors have been used to monitor a wide variety of bacteria, viruses and their toxins.
Several features of future biosensors
In recent years, with the development of biological science, information science and material science, biosensor technology has developed rapidly. It can be foreseen that future biosensors will have the following features.
Diversification of functions: Future biosensors will further involve medical care, disease diagnosis, food testing, environmental monitoring, and various fields of the fermentation industry. At present, one of the important contents of biosensor research is to study biosensors that can replace the biological senses of vision, hearing, and touch, ie bionic sensors.
Miniaturization: With the advancement of microfabrication technology and nanotechnology, biosensors will continue to be miniaturized, and the emergence of various portable biosensors will enable people to diagnose diseases at home, making it possible to directly detect foods in the market.
Intelligent and integrated: In the future, biosensors must be tightly integrated with computers, automatically collect data and process data, provide scientific and more accurate results, realize sampling, sample injection, and result-completion, and form an automated detection system. At the same time, more and more chip technologies will enter the sensor field to realize the integration and integration of detection systems.
Low cost, high sensitivity, high stability, and long lifespan: The continuous advancement of biosensor technology will inevitably require continuous reduction of product cost, increase of sensitivity, stability, and prolong life. Improvements in these characteristics will also accelerate the commercialization and commercialization of biosensors.
Biosensor technology and future development
Some people call the 21st century the century of life science, and others call the 21st century the century of information science. Biosensors are an interdisciplinary science developed between life sciences and information science.